Cytokines in immunotherapy

Cytokines are a large group of bioactive small molecule proteins synthesized and secreted by immune and non-immune cells. There are various types of cytokines that belong to different families and have distinct roles in maintaining the proper function of the immune system. Cytokines can regulate the growth, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells and other cells, and regulate intrinsic and adaptive immune responses. When released, cytokines signal the immune system and regulate the body’s response to infection and disease, including cancer. These characteristics mean that cytokines and their receptors can be used in immunotherapy, acting as messengers to promote or inhibit immune responses. 

In this In Focus, we will explore the use of cytokines in immunotherapy, the challenges they present and the techniques that can be used to overcome those challenges and engineer more effective cytokines.